Question 1

What does chmod mean?

Accepted Answer

chmod stands for 'change mode' — the Unix command for changing file and directory permissions. Permissions control which users (owner, group, others) can read, write, or execute a file. The command accepts permissions in octal notation (e.g., chmod 755) or symbolic notation (e.g., chmod u+x).

Question 2

What does chmod 755 mean?

Accepted Answer

chmod 755 sets permissions to rwxr-xr-x: the owner can read, write, and execute (7 = 4+2+1); group and others can read and execute but not write (5 = 4+1). This is the standard permission for public directories and executables on a web server. chmod 644 (rw-r--r--) is standard for regular files.

Question 3

What is the difference between octal and symbolic chmod?

Accepted Answer

Octal chmod (e.g., chmod 755) sets all three permission sets at once using a 3-digit number where each digit is the sum of read (4), write (2), and execute (1). Symbolic chmod (e.g., chmod u+x, chmod go-w) modifies specific bits without affecting others. Use octal to set exact permissions; use symbolic to add or remove individual bits.

Question 4

What chmod permissions should web server files have?

Accepted Answer

Standard web server permissions: directories should be 755 (rwxr-xr-x) so the server can traverse them; static files (HTML, CSS, JS, images) should be 644 (rw-r--r--); secret files like .env should be 600 (rw-------) so only the owner can read them. Never use 777 on a production server.

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